What does the term "checks and balances" refer to?

The term "checks and balances" refers to a system established within the framework of government to ensure that no single branch—executive, legislative, or judicial—can dominate or exercise unchecked power over the others. This system is fundamental to the U.S. Constitution and operational in many democratic governments. Each branch has its own specific powers and responsibilities, and mechanisms exist to allow each branch to monitor and limit the actions of the others. For example, while the executive branch can veto legislation, the legislative branch can override that veto, and the judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional. This interplay is designed to maintain a balance of power and prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, thereby promoting accountability and protecting the democratic process.

Other options do not accurately capture the essence of "checks and balances." For instance, promoting one branch or consolidating government power contradicts the very purpose of ensuring balanced governance. Similarly, direct voting on legislation does not involve the interplay of powers that characterizes checks and balances, which centers on the relationship and functions among the three branches of government.