What does the term "manifest destiny" refer to?

The term "manifest destiny" refers to the belief that the expansion of the United States across North America was both justified and inevitable. This idea emerged in the 19th century, suggesting that Americans were destined by God to spread democracy and capitalism across the continent. It was a significant driving force behind westward expansion and was used to rationalize the acquisition of territories, often at the expense of Native American lands and other nations.

This notion played a central role in events such as the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Trail migration, framing these actions as a natural progression meant to fulfill the country’s destiny. The concept also contributed to the ideology that American cultural and political values were superior, leading to policies that aggressively pursued territorial growth and influenced foreign relations.

The other choices represent different ideas that don’t encapsulate the full meaning of "manifest destiny." For example, the doctrine asserting US superiority over other nations touches on the mindset influenced by manifest destiny but doesn’t directly convey the justification for expansion itself. The call for equal distribution of land among settlers and the focus on international trade and diplomacy also stray from the core idea of manifest destiny, which is primarily concerned with territorial expansion and its perceived righteousness.